UNIT 3 Motivation and Emotion

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

What is Motivation?

• A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

What is Instinct Theory?

• We are motivated by out inborn automated behaviors.

What does Drive Reduction Theory mean?

• The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensions state (a drive) that motivated an organism to satisfy the need.
• The need is usually to maintain homeostasis
• We are not only pushed by our needs but pulled by our incentives.
• A positive or Negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
• "Different levels of arousal depending on activity

What does Maslow's Hierarchy or Needs mean?

• We are motivated by needs, and all needs aren't created equal.
• We are driven to satisfy the lower level need first.

An example of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Food, and Water

What does Hunger mean?

• Both Physiological and Psychological

What is the Physiology of Hunger?

• Washburn's study showed hunger was partially related to the stomach.

Biological Basis of Hunger

• Hunger does not come from the stomach
• Hunger comes from our brain

Which part of the brain controls hunger?

• The Hypothalamus

Types of Hypothalamus

• Lateral
• When stimulated it makes you hungry
• Ventromedial
• When Stimulated you feel full

Set Point Theory 

- Specific body weight maintained

• The Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat
• Wants to maintain a stable weight 
• Activate the lateral when you diet and activated the Ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

How does the Hypothalamus work?

• Leptin: A protein produced by bloated fat cells

Body Chemistry 

• Glucose and Insulin (Hormone Insulin converts glucose to fat, regulate hunger levels)

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• Internal Vs. External

Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa

- Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food)

• Anorexia Nervosa

- Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight

- Sees themselves as fat

- Vast majority are women

• Obesity

- Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues

• Incentive Homeostasis

- Environmental stimulus

- Constant/ Balance

What does Achievement Motivation mean?

• What motivates us to do work?
• (School, jobs, sports, video games)

What is Intrinsic Motivators?

• A reward we get internally, such as enjoyment of satisfaction

What is Extrinsic Motivators

• A reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc...)
• Works great in the short run

What is Management Theory

Theory X

• (Managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. 
• Think employees are extrinsically motivated
• Only interested in Maslow's lower needs

Theory Y

• Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.
• Interested in Maslow's higher needs.

Theory of Emotion

What is the James Lange Theory?

• Experience of emotion is awareness of psychological repsonses to emotion- arousing stimuli

What is a stimulus

• Spotting the danger/ surrounding- "Sight an oncoming car*

• Reaction- Pounding heart
• Emotion- Fear

What is emotion?

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
• The body changes, our mind recognizes the feeling.

What is the Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion?

• Emotion- arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
• Physiological responses
• Subjective experience of emotion.
• Fear + Emotion [sight of car]

Experience Emotion

• Adaptation- Level Phenomenon

- Tendency to form judgments relative to a "neutral" level: "brightness of lights", "Volume"

What is Relative Deprivation?

• Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.