UNIT IV: THE BRAIN

SENSORY NEURONS/ MOTOR NEURONS/ INTERNEURONS

SENSORY OR AFFERENT NEURONS

• Taking information from the senses to the brain.

EXAMPLE

• How quick do you react?

INTERNEURONS

• Takes messages from the sensory Neurons to the other parts of the brain or to the motor Neuron.

EXAMPLE

• A gossip

MOTOR NEURONS

• Takes information from the brain to the rest of the body.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

What two parts make up the nervous system?

• The peripheral and the Central

Which part is the nervous system is encased in bone?

• The Spinal Cord

What are the two central parts of the Nervous System?

• Brain and Spinal Cord

Peripheral

• Automatic and Somatic

Automatic

• Controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands.

Somatic

• Controls voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle.

What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?

• Flight or Fight response
• Adrenal Gland
• Pupil dilate, Inhibits digestions, Stimulates Norepinephrine

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

What does the Endocrine System mean?

• A system of glands that secrete hormones.
• Similar to the Nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters

QUICK FACT

• Hormones are slow
• Neurotransmitters are fast

PARTS OF THE BRAIN

HINDE BRAIN

• The structure on tip of our spinal cord
• Controls our basic biological structures

PARTS OF THE HINDBRAIN

Medulla

• Located above the spinal cord
• It controls your heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing

Pons

• Alarm Clock
• Located above the Medulla
• Connects the Hindbrain with the Midbrain and the Forebrain
• Involved in Facial Expression

Cerebellum

• Located at the bottom rear of the brain
• Known as the little brain
• Influences memory and learning
• Coordinated voluntary muscle movement and balance

PARTS OF THE MIDBRAIN

What is the function of the Midbrain?

• To coordinate simple movements with sensory information

Important structure….

• Reticular Formation/ Activation (Controls arousal and our ability to focus)

Function

• What makes us human
• The largest part of the brain
• Made up of the Thalamus, Cerebral Cortex, and the Limbic System

PARTS OF FOREBRAIN

• Thalamus

• Switch brain of the brain
• Does many different things at the same time (Multitasking)
• Relays sensory information except the sense of smell
• Receives Sensory signals from the Spinal Cord and sends them to other parts of the Forebrain.

LIMBIC SYSTEM

• Hypothalamus

• Most important structure in your brain
• Controls and regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and the Endocrine System.

• Hippocampus

• Involves processing, and storing of memories
• Learn information and retain it

• Amygdala

• Deals with anger, fear and arousal [EMOTION]

• Pituitary Gland

• Promotes Growth

What is the Cerebral Cortex?

• Made up of Densely packed neurons that we call (gray matter)
• Control and Processing center

What are Wrinkles in relation to the brain?

• Fisher, folds in the brain

The Brain

• The brain is divided into two hemispheres

• LEFT HEMISPHERE

• Logical and Sequential tasks

• RIGHT HEMISPHERE

• Special and creative tasks

LOBES

Frontal Lobe

• Located behind the forehead (Speaking, muscle movements, making plans and judgements)
• Sends signals to our bodies coordinating muscle movements

• Broca's Areas

• Responsible for controlling muscles that produce speech

• Broca's Aphasia

• Unable to make movements to talk

Parietal Lobe

• Located at the top and rear of the Cerebral Cortex

• Sensory Cortex

• Contains the Parietal Lobe
• Receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the body
• Most of the Parietal Lobes are made up of association areas.

What is an Association Area? (Highly Functioning)

• Any area that is not associated with receiving sensory information or coordinating muscle movement.

Occipital Lobe

• Deals with vision
• Contains the Visual Cortex
• Located in the back of the head

• Visual Cortex

• Interprets messages from the eyes into images we can understand

Temporal Lobe

• Processes sound that is sensed by the ear
• Located just above the ears

What is Auditory Cortex?

• Used for hearing and processing sound (Function)

Wernicke's Area

• Processes sound and interprets written and spoken speech

Wernicke's Aphasia

• Unable to understand language.
• The syntax and grammar is jumbled.