UNIT 3 Motivation and Emotion

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

What is Motivation?

• A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

What is Instinct Theory?

• We are motivated by out inborn automated behaviors.

What does Drive Reduction Theory mean?

• The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensions state (a drive) that motivated an organism to satisfy the need.
• The need is usually to maintain homeostasis
• We are not only pushed by our needs but pulled by our incentives.
• A positive or Negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
• "Different levels of arousal depending on activity

What does Maslow's Hierarchy or Needs mean?

• We are motivated by needs, and all needs aren't created equal.
• We are driven to satisfy the lower level need first.

An example of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

• Food, and Water

What does Hunger mean?

• Both Physiological and Psychological

What is the Physiology of Hunger?

• Washburn's study showed hunger was partially related to the stomach.

Biological Basis of Hunger

• Hunger does not come from the stomach
• Hunger comes from our brain

Which part of the brain controls hunger?

• The Hypothalamus

Types of Hypothalamus

• Lateral
• When stimulated it makes you hungry
• Ventromedial
• When Stimulated you feel full

Set Point Theory 

- Specific body weight maintained

• The Hypothalamus acts like a thermostat
• Wants to maintain a stable weight 
• Activate the lateral when you diet and activated the Ventromedial when you start to gain weight.

How does the Hypothalamus work?

• Leptin: A protein produced by bloated fat cells

Body Chemistry 

• Glucose and Insulin (Hormone Insulin converts glucose to fat, regulate hunger levels)

Psychological Aspects of Hunger

• Internal Vs. External

Eating Disorders

• Bulimia Nervosa

- Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food)

• Anorexia Nervosa

- Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight

- Sees themselves as fat

- Vast majority are women

• Obesity

- Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues

• Incentive Homeostasis

- Environmental stimulus

- Constant/ Balance

What does Achievement Motivation mean?

• What motivates us to do work?
• (School, jobs, sports, video games)

What is Intrinsic Motivators?

• A reward we get internally, such as enjoyment of satisfaction

What is Extrinsic Motivators

• A reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc...)
• Works great in the short run

What is Management Theory

Theory X

• (Managers believe that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. 
• Think employees are extrinsically motivated
• Only interested in Maslow's lower needs

Theory Y

• Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive.
• Interested in Maslow's higher needs.

Theory of Emotion

What is the James Lange Theory?

• Experience of emotion is awareness of psychological repsonses to emotion- arousing stimuli

What is a stimulus

• Spotting the danger/ surrounding- "Sight an oncoming car*

• Reaction- Pounding heart
• Emotion- Fear

What is emotion?

• We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress.
• The body changes, our mind recognizes the feeling.

What is the Cannon- Bard Theory of Emotion?

• Emotion- arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
• Physiological responses
• Subjective experience of emotion.
• Fear + Emotion [sight of car]

Experience Emotion

• Adaptation- Level Phenomenon

- Tendency to form judgments relative to a "neutral" level: "brightness of lights", "Volume"

What is Relative Deprivation?

• Perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

UNIT 3 Social Relationship

SOCIAL RELAATIONSHIP

What does Social Relationship mean?

• How we relate to others.
• Conflict and prejudice
• Altruism and Peacemaking

What does Prejudice mean?

• An unjustifiable attitude towards a group of people.

OVERT

1. Written (Flag, comment on wall)

SUBTLE

1. Getting up when someone sits down

• It usually involves stereotyped beliefs (a generalized belief about a group of people)

What is Social Inequalities?

1. A principle reason behind prejudice

• INGROUP- "us", people with whom one shares a common identity.
• OUTGROUP- "them", those perceived as different from one's in group.
• INGROUP BIAS- The tendency to favor one's own group.

What is Scapegoat Theory?

• The theory that prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

What is Aggression?

• Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

Why it occurs in Biology?

• Genetics
• Neural Influence (aggression in brain)
• Biochemical

The Psychology of Aggression

• Frustration Aggressive Principle
• The blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal
• Creates anger which generates aggression
• It is difficult to change behavior when learned.

What does Conflict mean?

• A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas
• Social tract or Prisoners dilemma

What does Social Tract mean? 

• Any situation that rewards immediate actions that will have undesired effects in the long run.

An example of Social Tract

• Spending money at the mall and then receiving the credit card bill later.

What is Prisoners Dilemma?

• A situation where people must choose between an act that is beneficial to themselves but harmful to others and an act that is beneficial to all.

First Laws of Attraction

1. Proximity (Geographic nearness, Repeated exposure to something breeds liking)
2. Reciprocal Liking (You are more likely to like someone who likes you)
3. Similarity ("Birds of the same feather flock together",  Similarity breeds content)
4. Liking through Association (Classical conditioning can play a part in attraction (EX: Going to a place because you like the waitress that works there)
5. Physical Attractiveness (The Hotty Factor)- Physical attractiveness predicts dating frequency (They date more), They are perceived as healthier, happier, more honest and successful than less attractive counter parts.

What are the two types of Love?

• PASSIONATE- An aroused state of intense positive observation of another.
• COMPASSIONATE/ COMPANION- The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom we feel our lives are intertwined.

What makes Compassionate Love work?

• Equity (Equal amount of space and relation)
• Self Disclosure (Sharing things about yourself)

What does Altruism mean?

• Unselfish regard for the welfare of others.
• Kitty Genovese Case
• Bystander effect (Bystanders less willing to help if there are other bystanders around)

What does Social Exchange mean?

• The idea that our Social Behavior is an exchange process, which we maximize benefits and maximum cost.

What is an example of Social Exchange?

• Should I go to work or stay at home?

What is Peacemaking?

• Give people subordinate (shared) goals that can only be achieved through cooperation 
• Win Win situation through mediation.

What does GRIT mean?

• Graduation and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction.

UNIT 3 Social Influence

SOCIAL INFLUENCE

What does Conformity mean?

• Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

What conditions strengthen Conformity?

• One is made to feel incompetent
• The group is at least 3 people 
• The group is unanimous
• One admires the group's status
• One had made no prior commitment to the other groups or friends
• The person is observed

Reasons why people Conform

• Normative social influence

- Influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or to avoid disappointment.

• Informational Social Influence

- Influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.

What does Milgram's experiment cover?

• Obedience

What does Social Facilitation mean?

• Improved performance of task in the presence of others
• Occurs with simple or well learned tasks
• Not without task that are difficult or not yet mastered.

What is Yerkes Dodson's Law?

• There is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task

- Easy tasks = Relatively High

- Difficult task = Low arousal

- Other tasks = Moderate level

What is Social Loafing?

• The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when putting efforts towards a common goal than if they were individually accountable.
• Group Project

What is Deindividuation?

• The loss of self- awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

What is Group Polarization?

• The concept that a group's attitude is one of extremes and rarely moderate.

An example of Group Polarization

• Black Panther, KKK'

What is Group Think?

• The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides common sense.

An example of Group Think

• Doing whatever the group does even though it goes against what you think.
• The power of an individual can be stronger than a group.

What is Self- Fulfilling Prophecy?

• Occurs when one person's belief about others leads one to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief.

An example of Self- Fulfilling Prophecy

• If you think someone finds you attractive they most likely will.

UNIT 3 Social Psychology

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

What are the three parts of Social Psychology?

1. Relations
2. Influence
3. Thinking

What is the definition of Social Psychology?

• The study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another.
• "Sociology"

What is Social Thinking?

• How we think about one and other
• Mental image of somebody

What is Attribution Theory? 

• The idea that we give a casual explanation for someone's behavior either to the situation or to a persons disposition. 

An example of Attribution Theory

• Was my friend a jerk because she is a bad person or because she's having a  bad day.

What is Fundamental Attribution Error?

• To tendency to underestimate the impact of a situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

An example of Fundamental Attribution Error

• Road Rage- "Maybe that driver is ill (Situation) / "Crazy Driver" (Disposition)

What is the definition of Attitude?

• A belief of feeling that predisposes one to respond in a particular way to something.

Attitude Guide

• Internal + External Influences = Behavior

What is Foot in the Door Phenomenon?

• The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to later comply with a larger request

An example of Foot in the Door Phenomenon

• If I give you an answer on a quiz, you might ask for another.

What is Door in the Face Phenomenon?

• The tendency for people who say no to a huge request, to comply with a smaller one.

An example of Door in the Face Phenomenon

• Driving your parents car vs Getting dropped off

What is Cognitive Dissonance Theory

• Conflict against belief
• We do not like when we have either conflicting attitudes or when our attitudes do not match our actions.
• When they clash we will change our attitudes to create balance

An example of Cognitive Dissonance Theory

• Principle vs Administrative rules